Topley’s Top 10 – March 27, 2023

1. FDIC Failed Bank List-75 Banks Failed in Last 10 Years…All Depositors Back Stopped.

FDIC Website List https://www.fdic.gov/resources/resolutions/bank-failures/failed-bank-list/


2. Money Markets are the New Hot Asset

Steve Goldstein  Marketwatch

Another bubble has emerged, courtesy of the bank-sector crisis which has already felled three U.S. regional banks.

Bank of America analysts led by the Michael Hartnett say money-market funds are the new hot asset.

They point out that assets under management for money funds has now exceeded $5.1 trillion, up over $300 billion over the past four weeks. They also counted the biggest weekly flows to cash since March 2020, the biggest six-week inflow to Treasurys ever, and the largest weekly outflow from investment-grade bonds since Oct. 2022.

The last two times money-market fund assets surged — in 2008 and in 2020 — the Federal Reserve slashed interest rates. Hartnett is fond of the saying, “markets stop panicking when central banks start panicking,” and he noted a surge in emergency Fed discount window borrowing has historically occurred around a big stock-market low.

There is one difference this time, in that inflation is a reality and that labor markets, not just in the U.S. but in other industrialized nations, remains exceptionally strong. The Bank of America team counted 46 interest rate hikes this year, including by the Swiss National Bank after its rescue of Credit Suisse last week.

History, according to the BofA team, says to sell the last interest rate hike. “Credit and stock markets are too greedy for rate cuts, not fearful enough of recession,” they say. After all, when banks borrow from the Fed in an emergency, they tighten lending standards, which in turn results in less lending, and that leads to less small-business optimism, which eventually cracks the labor market.

 https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bank-of-america-identifies-the-next-bubble-and-says-investors-should-sell-stocks-rather-than-buy-them-after-the-last-rate-hike-98b803ab 


3. Signs of Accounting Fraud on the Rise

WSJ Josh Zumbrun Manipulation of earnings from Corporate America is on the rise, an ominous omen for the U.S. economy. That is the conclusion of new research on accounting fraud, using a technique that flagged Enron as an earnings manipulator several years before the energy company’s spectacular 2001 implosion.

“We think this is a measure of misinformation in the economy,” said Dr. Beneish. The new aggregate measure was published in a December paper, and the latest data—compiled in March and shared with The Wall Street Journal—shows that the collective probability of fraud across major companies is the highest in over 40 years.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/accounting-fraud-indicator-signals-coming-economic-trouble-506568a0


4. Biotech ETF -22% in 6 Weeks.


5. Apple Chart…50day thru 200day to Upside.

www.stockcharts.com


6. 60/40 Portfolio Closes Above 200 Day Moving Average….

50day thru 200day to upside if February

WWW.STOCKCHARTS.COM


7. Two-Year Treasury More Volatile than 2008 Great Financial Crisis

Bespoke Investment Group Below is one chart from this week’s Bespoke Report that you may find interesting. The most concerning aspect of the treasury market has been intraday volatility.  Traditionally, the two-year Treasury has been one of the least volatile areas of financial markets, but over the last month, the average daily move in the two-year yield has been over 17 basis points (bps), exceeding the peak volatility of the financial crisis to the most volatile trading since 1983.  These are not the types of moves you would expect to see in a well-functioning market and provide another example of something that’s ‘broken’ in the aftermath of the Fed’s most aggressive tightening cycle in forty years.

https://www.bespokepremium.com/interactive/posts/think-big-blog/the-bespoke-report-3-24-23-shaking-it-off


8. Tik Tok 834M Users Worldwide

https://www.insiderintelligence.com/charts/global-tiktok-user-stats/


9. 360,000 Jobs Reshored to the U.S. Last Year

WSJ


10. Farnam Street What it Means to Do Your Best….

What it means to do your best:

Doing your best is about the position you find yourself in when you show up. Over the long term, the average person who constantly puts themselves in a good position beats the genius who finds themselves in a poor position. What looks like talent is often good positioning. And the best way to put yourself in a good position is with good preparation.

 Source

Insight

“When you first start to study a field, it seems like you have to memorize a zillion things. You don’t. What you need is to identify the core principles – generally three to twelve of them – that govern the field. The million things you thought you had to memorize are simply various combinations of the core principles.”

— John T. Reed in Succeeding

Tiny Thought

Do my expectations match the level of effort I’m giving?

Etc.

Exact portions

“Every Sunday morning, Jeff (Bezos) makes pancakes. He wakes up early. He gets the Betty Crocker cookbook out every time, and I’m like, “OK, you’re the smartest man in the world; why don’t you have this memorized yet?” But he opens it up every time: Exact portions make the best pancakes in the world.”

 Source

https://fs.blog

Topley’s Top 10 – March 23, 2023

1. Groundhogs Day UBS and Credit Suisse get urgent bailout funds-NY Times Story from 2008

By Alan Cowell Oct. 16, 2008

PARIS — As the financial crisis continued to roll through world markets, the two leading Swiss banks said Thursday they had secured emergency support totaling some $14.1 billion, either from the Swiss authorities or from outside investors, including the Qatar Investment Authority.

UBS said it would receive a direct injection of government money worth some $5.3 billion, while Credit Suisse said it had raised $8.8 billion from “a small group of major global investors” including the Qatari authorities. The government injection of funds into UBS could represent a 9 percent stake in the bank, whose $44 billion write-downs related to toxic assets have been Europe’s worst.

Credit Suisse also reported a net third quarter loss of $1.3 billion after further write-downs.

Additionally, the Swiss National Bank said it had created a fund that would enable UBS, the country’s biggest bank, to transfer $60 billion worth of toxic assets from its balance sheet. UBS said the fund would be capitalized with $6 billion of equity capital provided by UBS and $54 billion from the Swiss National Bank.

UBS said in a statement: “With this transaction, UBS caps future potential losses from these assets, secures their long-term funding, reduces its risk-weighted assets and materially de-risks and reduces its balance sheet.”

For its part, the Swiss government said in separate statement that it was “confident that this package of measures will contribute to the lasting strengthening of the Swiss financial system.”

“The resulting stabilization is beneficial for overall economic development in Switzerland and is in the interests of the country as a whole,” the statement said.

Previously, the Swiss authorities had seemed to be standing apart from the wave of bailouts among European countries, who have pledged around $1.8 trillion to free up credit markets and support the continent’s banking system. But such is the size of the Swiss banking industry in relation to the overall economy that the Swiss might not have had the resources to bail out UBS and Credit Suisse if they ran into deep trouble.

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/business/worldbusiness/16iht-17swiss.17006058.html


2. Five Week Change in Deposits Leading Up to Banking Crisis

Jim Bianco Research


3. The Money Flows Still Going to Bonds

From Dave Lutz at Jones Trading Fund managers are still in bear town: long bonds, staples and cash; US equity weighting is at an 18 yr low. From BAML yesterday


4. XLE Energy ETF Never Made New 2023 Highs….Trading below 200day Moving Average.

www.stockcharts.com


5. XLF Financial Sector ETF 3rd Run at 200 Week Moving Average

XLF more diversified than bank ETFs ….touching 200 week moving average for third time since mid-2022

Top Holdings 25% of Portfolio Berkshire and JP Morgan

https://www.etf.com/XLF


6. NVIDIA Runs Up to Highs from One-Year Ago

NVDA almost hits exact number from last March


7. Recession Indicator Inventories to Sales Ratio

This ratio is not yet near previous recession levels…See arrows on chart.

https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RETAILIRSA


8. One Sub-Sector with Massive Inventory Build Up….Nike and Adidas 50% Increases in Inventory.

www.chartr.com


9. Who Do Citizens Trust? Congress Single Digits

Jack Ablin Cresset  https://cressetcapital.com/about/team/jack-ablin/


10. Founders Podcast Dinner with Charlie Munger

David SenraDavid Senra• 2nd• 2ndFounder at Founders PodcastFounder at Founders Podcast

 

I had dinner with Charlie Munger.

I spent over 3 hours with him.

I got to see his library. I could ask him any question I wanted.

At 99 he is still *ferociously* intelligent.

The most important lesson I learned from him that night was: GO FOR GREAT.

In typical Charlie fashion it is a combination of 4 simple ideas:

1. Charlie looks at everything through the lens of history. Human nature does not change. The same behaviors repeat forever.

2. Problems from time to time should be expected. This is an inescapable part of life.

3. Wise people do not whine about problems. They prevent them:

“Wisdom is prevention.” —Charlie Munger

4. Great businesses are rare. Great people are rare too. Great people and great businesses produce fewer problems.

Your mission in life is to get into a great business (and stay there)

and build relationships with great people.

Doing that will prevent the majority of problems that are under your control.

Go for great.

I made a podcast about what I learned from having dinner with Charlie Munger and rereading The Tao of Charlie Munger, you can listen to it here: https://lnkd.in/ezHrDnCb

https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidsenra/

 

Topley’s Top 10 – March 21, 2023

1. After Credit Suisse Bailout….UBS CDS Straight Up.

The Market does not like the UBS take under of Credit Suisse.


2. First Republic Bank -47% in One Day After Bailout.

90% Year to Date

https://www.google.com/search?q=frc+chart&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS898US898&oq=frc+chart&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i59l2.1544j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8


3. S&P Financials Performance vs. Broad Market Equals Covid Dive


4. The Biggest Monthly Decline of 2-Year Yields Since 1980’s

The United States: The month-to-date decline has been the biggest since the early 1980s.

Source: The Daily Shot  https://dailyshotbrief.com/


5. Tech has Reversed All of 2022 Underperformance in Less than 3 Months

The tech sector has reversed nearly all of its 2022 underperformance in less than 3 months…

6. The Biggest Monthly Decline of 2-Year Yields Since 1980’s

The United States: The month-to-date decline has been the biggest since the early 1980s.

7. Tech has Reversed All of 2022 Underperformance in Less than 3 Months

Dave Lutz at Jones Trading The tech sector has reversed nearly all of its 2022 underperformance in less than 3 months…

Chart, histogram Description automatically generated

8. Amazon Another Large Layoff…Doubled Its Physical Footprint in 2020-2022

CNBC For the past year, Jassy has been trimming expenses across the company. Many unproven bets, like Amazon’s Scout delivery robot, a virtual tours service, Care telehealth program, and a video-calling device for kids were axed. He made the decision to shutter all of its 4-star, Pop Up and Books stores and, earlier this year, announced Amazon would close some Fresh supermarkets and Go cashierless convenience marts. Drone delivery, one of Bezos’ pet projects, is struggling mightily to get off the ground as it, too, faces cost cuts

Annie Palmer@ANNIERPALMER https://www.cnbc.com

Amazon trying to form a base in chart this year…watch to see if it holds lows

Chart

www.stockcharts.com

9. The Market Voted Negative on UBS/CS Merger Yesterday….Will Swiss Franc Still be Safe Haven? Another Chart to Watch.

Swiss economy dependent on the financial sector

Chart

www.stockcharts.com

10. How to Start Your Day Relaxed

Try these tips to help kick off your day in a calm, relaxed state of mind.

Bianca Ward

There are a group of people in the world who are very lucky. These are the ones who never seem to worry about anything. Stress washes over them, and they are able to just take whatever the world throws at them and deal with it, all the time keeping their blood pressure in check.

For most of us, it’s a lot more work than that to keep calm and be relaxed even in our normal, day-to-day lives. With this in mind, we need to make an effort to try and adjust our habits to include some stress-relieving tricks and help us find a little calmer in our day.

Start The Day Off Right

Experts agree that allowing the body to wake naturally is far better for you, and less stressful, than having a jarring alarm interrupt your beauty sleep. Of course, that’s the ideal, but when there is a job to get to, and a family to get fed and out of the door, it’s just not practical.

As a compromise, try and see if you can have at least one day a week when you can turn off the alarm and let the daylight gradually wake you. Just one day a week will give your body a break from the routine.

Take A Deep Breath

Various studies have been done on how important it is to breathe ‘right’, so once you’re up, open a window and take a good few, deep breaths.

Don’t worry if it’s raining or snowing, or if the sun’s beaming down. The weather doesn’t matter. It’s getting that air into your lungs that’s the important thing.

Obviously, if you live next to an overpass or similar, feel free to give this step a miss.

“Sometimes the most important thing in a whole day is the rest we take between two deep breaths”. – Etty Hillesum

Wash That Stress Right Out of Your Hair

Most of us enjoy a nice long soak in the bath, but it’s best to save that for the evening. In the morning, take a shower instead to help get the blood pumping.

Don’t listen to the doom and gloom of the early morning news while you are in there, either. Belt out a couple of upbeat songs.

Don’t worry about whether you’re in tune, or getting the words right, just let it go and release the energy.

Color Me Happy

Although there are those who proclaim that what we wear is not important and that clothes do not define us, there is another side to the story. Of course, they don’t define us, but they can be important in helping us feel good and calm and more able to face the day.

Plenty of us have an outfit that we love and that makes us feel confident and good when we wear it, but there’s more to clothes than that.

Color can play an important part too. White has associations with innocence and peace, whilst blue and green are both linked to tranquility, calmness, and balance.

Alternatively, if you want to inject a bit of optimism into your day, go for a splash of yellow.

Need to feel strong and powerful? Put on something red.

Don’t worry, you don’t have to dress in that color head to foot, just a tie, or a piece of jewelry in your happy color will all be of benefit.

Eat Right, Feel Right

Next, it’s that ‘most important meal of the day’, breakfast. There are plenty of people who skip breakfast, replacing it instead with a coffee grabbed on the way to work, but there’s a definite benefit, both physically and mentally, by making sure you get a decent start to the day, food-wise.

If you think about it, you’ve been effectively fasting all night, so it’s time to refuel your body for the day ahead. Going out on an empty stomach before taking in a big hit of caffeine isn’t going to do anything to build up that calm, relaxed state of mind you’re aiming for.

Porridge is a great start to the day as the oats not only release their energy gradually, but they’re also rich in B vitamins, which are useful in the fight against stress.

These vitamins are found in many whole grain foods, so if you don’t fancy a bowl of steaming porridge in the summer, try a bowl of muesli topped off with a fresh banana, and you’ll be setting your body up for a calm and relaxed morning.

Think Positive

Now you’re ready to head out of the door, there’s just one more thing; the power of positive thinking. Say to yourself, ‘I am calm and relaxed’. Repeat this several times. Although some studies indicate that saying this out loud is the most effective, in real life, it might not always be possible, so just take a few moments to yourself and repeat it in your head.

There’s plenty for us to stress about these days, both at home and in the world in general, but the more we can do, however small, to try to calm and prepare ourselves against these factors, the better we will feel. And the better we feel, the better those around us feel, which can only be good news.

https://addicted2success.com/life/how-to-start-your-day-relaxed/

Topley’s Top 10 – March 20, 2023

1. Unrealized Losses on U.S. Government Bonds  Held by Bank

BARRONS-Daren Fonda

https://www.barrons.com/articles/banking-regulation-silicon-valley-first-republic-ebcfc98b?mod=past_editions


2. Credit Suisse Has Been Imploding for a Decade but Blaming American Regional Banks Over Weekend for their Demise.

Credit Suisse has been mired in endless scandals and fines over the last 10+ years….$90B market cap to $1B and counting

https://twitter.com/charliebilello?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor


3. First Republic #14 on Biggest Bank List

Wall Street’s Biggest Banks Rescue Teetering First Republic.

Source: NYT

https://ritholtz.com/2023/03/weekend-reads-556/  Barry Ritholtz Blog


4. $100B went into Money Markets this Week…Out of Banks??


5. Bank Crisis Led to Huge Jump in Bond Market Volatility

The first and most important point we need to make is about bond market volatility.  Regional banks are not the only area that have been on a wild ride since last week. The bond market has seen a historic level of volatility.

https://allstarcharts.com/volatility-rocks-bond-market/


6. And…The Near Breakout in Gold.

Gold ETF about to break out


7. Money Poured Back into Tech as Banks/Value Stocks Sold Off…Naz Outperforms S&P 12 Days Straight

Nasdaq 100 Steadily Outperforms-Everywhere you look these days, you can find crazy things going on with the market.  A case in point is the Nasdaq 100’s performance relative to the performance of the S&P 500.  In early afternoon trading, the Nasdaq 100 is on pace for its 12th straight day of outperforming the S&P 500.  That’s a streak that has only been exceeded two other times (July 2005 and July 2017) since 1996, and there have only been a total of six streaks where the Nasdaq 100 outperformed the S&P 500 for ten or more trading days.

https://www.bespokepremium.com/interactive/posts/think-big-blog/nasdaq-100-steadily-outperforms


8. DEEP…Deep Value Stocks Give Back All Gains for the Year….-15% from 2023 Highs


9. Only 1 in 5 Homes Considered “Affordable”


10. The 10 most expensive U.S. states to retire in — California didn’t make the list

Cheyenne DeVon  CNBC

In addition to being home to the most expensive city to live in worldwide, New York is the least affordable U.S. state to retire in.

That’s according to WalletHub’s “2023 Best States to Retire,” which compared all 50 states across three main categories: affordability, quality of life and health care.

For the affordability metric, WalletHub used data from various agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau and the Council for Community and Economic Research. The ranking looked at adjusted cost of living, general tax-friendliness and annual cost of in-home services, as well as other factors.

While New York ranked 10th in the quality-of-life category and 16th in health care, it came in 50th for affordability. That’s likely due to having the second-highest adjusted cost of living, behind Alaska, and the third-highest tax rate, according to WalletHub.

Even $1 million in retirement savings would cover your living costs for only about 14 years, a fraction of the 25 years or moreretirement typically lasts.

Don’t expect to find affordability across the Hudson River either: New Jersey ranks as the second most expensive state to retire in.

Here are the top 10 most expensive states to retire in, according to WalletHub:

1.                New York

2.                New Jersey

3.                Vermont

4.                Massachusetts

5.                Maryland

6.                Washington

7.                Connecticut

8.                Maine

9.                Illinois

10.            Oregon

Retirement will look different to everyone, and there are several factors to consider.

While a state’s cost of living is often important, retirees may also think about how close they’ll be to family and how easily they’ll be able to access health care and engage in social activities, Alan Castel, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, and author of “Better with Age: The Psychology of Successful Aging,” said in WalletHub’s report.

If you’ll be living on a fixed income in retirement, it’s important to regularly review your budget and future financial commitments, said Castel.

“Sometimes our spending habits need to be re-evaluated, and many senior discounts can be utilized to lower bills,” he said. “It may also be useful to consider downsizing or minimizing certain costs that are no longer needed.”

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/19/most-expensive-us-states-to-retire-in.html

Topley’s Top 10 – March 17, 2023

1. Two-Year Yield Falls 120 Basis Points in 5 Trading Sessions.

www.stockcharts.com


2. Vanguard Short-Term Bond Index Rallies Above 2023 Highs


3. Biggest Drop Since 1987 Crash

https://www.twitter.com/nickgerli1


4. Small Domestic Banks 67% of Commercial Real Estate Loans

Torsten Slok Apollo


5. The long-anticipated office reckoning is upon us-Axios

Data: Moody’s Analytics; Chart: Axios Visuals

Office vacancy levels are approaching highs last seen during the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s.

Why it matters: It appears that a reckoning in the office market, widely anticipated since the start of the pandemic, is upon us.

  • “We’re not ready to say that this is a cliff for the office sector. But I think right now we’re finally entering the true turbulent times,” Thomas LaSalvia, director of economic research at Moody’s Analytics, told Axios.
  • Context: Vacancies refer to the share of office space that is not leased by a tenant — as opposed to leased office space that’s mostly deserted.

Zoom out: This was always going to be a slow-moving trend. Remote work drove folks home, but companies didn’t instantly give up on their office spaces. Typical leases run for at least 10 years.

  • And for property owners dealing with rising vacancies, there’s a new wrinkle: They’re getting hit with rising costs thanks to higher interest rates on their floating rate debt.

State of play: At the end of last year, even Class A buildings saw a drop in occupancy, per a new report from Moody’s.

  • Some office landlords are showing signs of distress, as the WSJ reported. Brookfield Asset Management last month defaulted on $750 million in debt on two 52-story office towers in Los Angeles. (It still holds hundreds of properties.)
  • These properties were Class A, but faced competition from even-fancier Class A+ properties with better amenities, according to Moody’s report. Brookfield’s moves might “spur other landlords,” it says.
  • Meanwhile, Columbia Property Trust recently defaulted on a $1.7 billion loan backed by seven office properties, mainly due to the rise in interest rates.
  • The company took out a floating-rate loan in December 2021, according to Moody’s. It’s gone from paying around 3% on the loan to 6%.

The bottom line: Office space is a good place to start cutting back if you’re a CEO looking to batten down the hatches in a turbulent time.

  • Rather than lay off workers during a time of labor shortages, companies are looking to real estate as a way to cut costs, said LaSalvia.
  • “The low-hanging fruit is definitely that office space,” he said.

6. Tech Stocks Rally….QQQ 50day thru 200day to upside.


7. EFA Developed International Correct Toward 200day Support

EFA outperforming U.S. stocks…See if it holds up


8. EUFN-Euro Financials ETF Hits Wall at Previous High

CS crisis hitting European financial stocks back down


9. XLF Energy ETF Update …Last Year’s Big Winner

XLF closes below 200 day moving average

XLF long-term weekly chart broke 50-week after holding it 4x


10. Are Americans Really Becoming Less Intelligent?

Why is the Flynn effect is reversing in some domains? Karen Wu Ph.D.

KEY POINTS

  • The Flynn Effect, the increase in intelligence over generations, appears to be stagnating or even reversing in parts of Europe and the US.
  • Researchers cross-sectionally examined the Flynn Effect in a large dataset of almost 400,000 Americans.
  • Cognitive ability scores decreased in several domains related to reasoning, while increasing for visuospatial skills.
  • Potential reasons were offered for these results, however, there are alternative explanations, such as the test-taking environment.

Since the early 1900s, intelligence has been increasing by approximately 3 to 5 points per decade due to many factors including better nutrition, increased access to education, and familiarity with test-taking. The increase in intelligence over generations is well-documented and has been termed the “Flynn Effect.” However, recent research in parts of Europe and the US has started to find a plateau in intelligence scores, and even a reversal of the effect. For example, a recent study in the US found lower vocabulary scores in newer cohorts. Shockingly, US college graduates in the 2010s had lower vocabulary scores than their counterparts in the 1970s. Thus, to comprehensively test for the Flynn effect in recent years, Dworak et al. (2023) conducted a pre-registered study of almost 400,000 American adults between 2006-2018.

The researchers gathered cross-sectional data through the Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment Project, which was advertised online as a personality test. They measured several domains of cognitive ability, including matrix reasoning (non-verbal reasoning), letter and number series (computational-mathematical reasoning), verbal reasoning, and 3D rotation (visuospatial skills).

Results indicated a reversal of the Flynn Effect for composite scores of cognitive ability, matrix reasoning, and letter and number series when participants were grouped by age, education, and gender. In other words, there was a downward trend in these domains of cognitive ability over generations. Yet, performance on 3D rotations increased over time. The greatest differences were within groups of 18- to 22-year-olds as well as those without a college degree. To explain their results, the researchers offered five main explanations:

1. The ceiling effect: Intelligence cannot grow forever and must eventually reach a plateau.

The researchers note that prior gains in intelligence were likely due to increases in nutrition, access to education, and familiarity with tests. At a certain point, these gains should plateau, as should performance on intelligence tests. In addition, while prior researchers have suggested decreases in health in recent years, poor health is unlikely to explain the patterns in this study given that 3D rotation abilities actually increased.

2. Media exposure may be responsible for lower scores.

Given the different findings by domain, media exposure might be partially responsible. However, this explanation is currently speculative, as there is little experimental research on the effects of media exposure on intelligence. In addition, no potential mechanisms for the effects of media exposure on cognitive abilities were offered by the researchers.

3. Technology may be protecting or enhancing certain aspects of cognitive performance.

Fortunately, there is a bright side to technology. The researchers propose that certain aspects of technology might explain the increase in 3D rotation abilities, which reflect visuospatial skills. Specifically, video games have been linked to greater visuospatial skills.

4. Quality of education may have decreased.

The researchers propose that education has either decreased in quality or changed in content, thus resulting in poorer non-verbal reasoning and mathematical-computational reasoning, as well as stagnation in verbal reasoning.

5. The importance of different skills may have changed.

Finally, the authors speculate that society now places more value on visuospatial abilities and less value on the various forms of reasoning skills.

Importantly, the researchers caution that cognitive ability scores may not actually be reflective of intelligence. In addition, there are several key limitations of the study. Participants self-selected into the study by finding it online, which could lead to differences in cohorts. Specifically, the authors mention that the personality test is now more popular and may thus include more “normal” people. Furthermore, since the study was advertised as a personality test, people might not have been motivated to do well on cognitive tasks.

An Alternative Explanation: The Role of Smartphones

Given the time frame of the study from 2006-2018 and the researchers’ method of data collection, I propose an alternative explanation for their results. Within that period, smartphone ownership in the US rose from an estimated 3 percent to 81 percent according to one source. The researchers do not appear to have accounted for whether participants took the test on their phones or on a computer. Given the huge increase in smartphone ownership over time, newer cohorts were much more likely to take the test on their phone, especially since they were led to believe it was a personality test. Therefore, they might have been unable to concentrate on complex questions surrounding verbal, mathematical, and non-verbal reasoning.

Meanwhile, 3D rotation tasks might not be as difficult to complete on a phone, and performance may be less affected by distractions. Furthermore, smartphones have been found to deplete our cognitive resources, so even the presence of a smartphone could be problematic when testing cognitive abilities. These explanations seem especially plausible given that 18- to 22-year-olds experienced the greatest changes in cognitive ability scores. Compared to older adults, this group seems the most likely to own a smartphone and to have taken the test on their phones in recent years. Hopefully, subsequent iterations of this study will shed light on the potential role of smartphones in the results.

References

Dworak, E. M., Revelle, W., & Condon, D. M. (2023). Looking for Flynn effects in a recent online US adult sample: Examining shifts within the SAPA Project. Intelligence98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101734

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-modern-heart/202303/are-americans-really-becoming-less-intelligent